Citigroup

Citigroup Inc.

Type	Public NYSE: C TYO: 8710
Industry	Banking Financial services
Founded	New York City, New York (1812)
Headquarters	New York City, New York, U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Richard D. Parsons (Chairman) Vikram Pandit (CEO) John Gerspach (CFO)
Products	Consumer banking Corporate banking Investment banking Global wealth destruction Financial analysis Private equity
Revenue	$80.285 billion (2009)[1]
Operating income	$32.463 billion (2009)[1]
Profit	-$1.606 billion (2009)[1]
Total assets	$1.938 trillion (2Q 2010)
Total equity	$157.330 billion (2Q 2010)[1]
Employees	259,000 (2Q 2010)[1]
Website	Citigroup.com

Citigroup Inc. (branded Citi) is a major American financial services company based in New York City. Citigroup was formed from one of the world's largest mergers in history by combining the banking giant Citicorp and financial conglomerate Travelers Group on April 7, 1998.^[2]

Citigroup Inc. has the world's largest financial services network, spanning 140 countries with approximately 16,000 offices worldwide. The company employs approximately 260,000 staff around the world, and holds over 200 million customer accounts in more than 140 countries. It is a primary dealer in US Treasury securities^[3].

Citigroup suffered huge losses during the global financial crisis of 2008 and was rescued in November 2008 in a massive bailout by the U.S. government.^[4] Its largest shareholders include funds from the Middle East and Singapore.^[5] On February 27, 2009, Citigroup announced that the United States government would take a 36% equity stake in the company by converting $25 billion in emergency aid into common shares; the stake was reduced to 27% after Citigroup sold $21 billion of common shares and equity in the largest single share sale in US history, surpassing Bank of America's $19 billion share sale one month prior.

Citigroup is one of the Big Four banks in the United States, along with Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase and Wells Fargo.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}

History

Citigroup was formed on October 8, 1998, following the $140 billion merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group to create the world's largest financial services organization.^[2] The history of the company is, thus, divided into the workings of several firms that over time amalgamated into Citicorp, a multinational banking corporation operating in more than 100 countries; or Travelers Group, whose businesses covered credit services, consumer finance, brokerage, and insurance. As such, the company history dates back to the founding of: the City Bank of New York (later Citibank) in 1812; Bank Handlowy in 1870; Smith Barney in 1873, Banamex in 1884; Salomon Brothers in 1910.^[13]

Citicorp

The history begins with the City Bank of New York, which was chartered by New York State on June 16, 1812, with $2 million of capital. Serving a group of New York merchants, the bank opened for business on September 14 of that year, and Samuel Osgood was elected as the first President of the company.^[14] The company's name was changed to The National City Bank of New York in 1865 after it joined the new U.S. national banking system, and it became the largest American bank by 1895.^[14] It became the first contributor to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in 1913, and the following year it inaugurated the first overseas branch of a U.S. bank in Buenos Aires, although the bank had, since the mid-nineteenth century, been active in plantation economies, such as the Cuban sugar industry. The 1918 purchase of U.S. overseas bank International Banking Corporation helped it become the first American bank to surpass $1 billion in assets, and it became the largest commercial bank in the world in 1929.^[14] As it grew, the bank became a leading innovator in financial services, becoming the first major U.S. bank to offer compound interest on savings (1921); unsecured personal loans (1928); customer checking accounts (1936) and the negotiable certificate of deposit (1961).^[14]

The bank changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York in 1955, which was shortened in 1962 to First National City Bank on the 150th anniversary of the company's foundation.^[14] The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of USD certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in market since 1888. Later to become MasterCard, the bank introduced its First National City Charge Service credit card – popularly known as the "Everything card" – in 1967.^[14]

In 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B. Wriston, First National City Bank (and its holding company First National City Corporation) was renamed as Citibank, N.A. (and Citicorp, respectively). Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which pioneered the use of 24-hour ATMs.^[14] As the bank's expansion continued, the Narre Warren-Caroline Springs credit card company was purchased in 1981. John S. Reed was elected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Under his leadership, the next 14 years would see Citibank become the largest bank in the United States, the largest issuer of credit cards and charge cards in the world, and expand its global reach to over 90 countries.^[14]

Travelers Group

Travelers Group, at the time of merger, was a diverse group of financial concerns that had been brought together under CEO Sandy Weill. Its roots came from Commercial Credit, a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation that was taken private by Weill in November 1986 after taking charge of the company earlier that year.^[2][15] Two years later, Weill mastered the buyout of Primerica – a conglomerate that had already bought life insurer A L Williams as well as stock broker Smith Barney. The new company took the Primerica name, and employed a "cross-selling" strategy such that each of the entities within the parent company aimed to sell each other's services. Its non-financial businesses were spun-off.^[15]

In September 1992, Travelers Insurance, which had suffered from poor real estate investments^[2] and sustained significant losses in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew,^[16] formed a strategic alliance with Primerica that would lead to its amalgamation into a single company in December 1993. With the acquisition, the group became Travelers Inc. Property & casualty and life & annuities underwriting capabilities were added to the business.^[15] Meanwhile, the distinctive Travelers red umbrella logo, which was also acquired in the deal, was applied to all the businesses within the newly named organization. During this period, Travelers acquired Shearson Lehman – a retail brokerage and asset management firm that was headed by Weill until 1985^[2] – and merged it with Smith Barney.^[15]

Salomon Brothers

Finally, in November 1997, Travelers Group (which had been renamed again in April 1995 when they merged with Aetna Property and Casualty, Inc.), made the $9 billion deal to purchase Salomon Brothers, a major bond dealer and bulge bracket investment bank.^[15]. Salomon Brothers absorbed Smith Barney into the new securities unit termed Salomon Smith Barney; a year later, the division incorporated Citicorp's former securities operations as well. The Salomon Smith Barney name was ultimately abandoned in October 2003 after a series of financial scandals that tarnished the bank's reputation.

Citicorp and Travelers merger

On April 6, 1998, the merger between Citicorp and Travelers Group was announced to the world, creating a $140 billion firm with assets of almost $700 billion.^[2] The deal would enable Travelers to market mutual funds and insurance to Citicorp's retail customers while giving the banking divisions access to an expanded client base of investors and insurance buyers.

Although presented as a merger, the deal was actually more like a stock swap, with Travelers Group purchasing the entirety of Citicorp shares for $70 billion, and issuing 2.5 new Citigroup shares for each Citicorp share. Through this mechanism, existing shareholders of each company owned about half of the new firm.^[2] While the new company maintained Citicorp's "Citi" brand in its name, it adopted Travelers' distinctive "red umbrella" as the new corporate logo, which was used until 2007.

The chairmen of both parent companies, John Reed and Sandy Weill respectively, were announced as co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the new company, Citigroup, Inc., although the vast difference in management styles between the two immediately presented question marks over the wisdom of such a setup.

The remaining provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act – enacted following the Great Depression – forbade banks to merge with insurance underwriters, and meant Citigroup had between two and five years to divest any prohibited assets. However, Weill stated at the time of the merger that they believed "that over that time the legislation will change...we have had enough discussions to believe this will not be a problem".^[2] Indeed, the passing of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in November 1999 vindicated Reed and Weill's views, opening the door to financial services conglomerates offering a mix of commercial banking, investment banking, insurance underwriting and brokerage.^[17]

Joe Plumeri headed the integration of the consumer businesses of Travelers Group and Citicorp after the merger, and was appointed CEO of Citibank North America by Weill and Reed.^[18][19] He oversaw its network of 450 retail branches.^[19][20][21] J. Paul Newsome, an analyst with CIBC Oppenheimer, said: "He's not the spit-and-polish executive many people expected. He's rough on the edges. But Citibank knows the bank as an institution is in trouble-it can't get away anymore with passive selling-and Plumeri has all the passion to throw a glass of cold water on the bank."^[22] It was conjectured that he might become a leading contender to run all of Citigroup when Weill and Reed stepped down, if he were to effect a big, noticeable victory at Citibank.^[22] In that position, Plumeri boosted the unit's earnings from $108 million to $415 million in one year, an increase of nearly 400%.^[23][24][25] He unexpectedly retired from Citibank, however, in January 2000.^[26][27]

In 2000, Citigroup acquired Associates First Capital Corporation, which, until 1989, had been owned by Gulf+Western (now part of National Amusements). The Associates was widely criticized for predatory lending practices and Citi eventually settled with the Federal Trade Commission by agreeing to pay $240 million to customers who had been victims of a variety of predatory practices, including "flipping" mortgages, "packing" mortgages with optional credit insurance, and deceptive marketing practices.^[28]

Travelers spin off

The company spun off its Travelers Property and Casualty insurance underwriting business in 2002. The spin off was prompted by the insurance unit's drag on Citigroup stock price because Traveler's earnings were more seasonal and vulnerable to large disasters, particularly the September 11th, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center in downtown New York City. It was also difficult to sell this kind of insurance directly to customers since most industrial customers are accustomed to purchasing insurance through a broker.

The Travelers Property Casualty Corporation merged with The St. Paul Companies Inc. in 2004 forming The St. Paul Travelers Companies. Citigroup retained the life insurance and annuities underwriting business; however, it sold those businesses to MetLife in 2005. Citigroup still heavily sells all forms of insurance, but it no longer underwrites insurance.

Despite their divesting Travelers Insurance, Citigroup retained Travelers' signature red umbrella logo as its own until February 2007, when Citigroup agreed to sell the logo back to St. Paul Travelers,^[29] which renamed itself Travelers Companies. Citigroup also decided to adopt the corporate brand "Citi" for itself and virtually all its subsidiaries, except Primerica and Banamex.^[29]

Subprime mortgage crisis

Heavy exposure to troubled mortgages in the form of Collateralized debt obligation (CDO's), compounded by poor risk management led Citigroup into trouble as the subprime mortgage crisis worsened in 2008. The company had used elaborate mathematical risk models which looked at mortgages in particular geographical areas, but never included the possibility of a national housing downturn, or the prospect that millions of mortgage holders would default on their mortgages. Indeed, trading head Thomas Maheras was close friends with senior risk officer David Bushnell, which undermined risk oversight.^[30][31]. As Treasury Secretary, Robert Rubin was said to be influential in lifting the regulations that allowed Travelers and Citicorp to merge in 1998. Then on the board of directors of Citigroup, Rubin and Charles Prince were said to be influential in pushing the company towards MBS and CDOs in the subprime mortgage market.

As the crisis began to unfold, Citigroup announced on April 11, 2007 that it would eliminate 17,000 jobs, or about 5 percent of its workforce, in a broad restructuring designed to cut costs and bolster its long underperforming stock.^[32] Even after securities and brokerage firm Bear Stearns ran into serious trouble in summer 2007, Citigroup decided the possibility of trouble with its CDO's was so tiny (less than 1/100 of 1%) that they excluded them from their risk analysis. With the crisis worsening, Citigroup announced on January 7, 2008 that it was considering cutting another 5 percent to 10 percent of its work force, which totaled 327,000.^[33]

Federal assistance

Over the past several decades, the United States government has engineered at least four different rescues of the institution now known as Citigroup.^[34] During the most recent tax-payer funded rescue, by November 2008, Citigroup was insolvent, despite its receipt of $25 billion in federal TARP bailout money, and on November 17, 2008 Citigroup announced plans for about 52,000 new job cuts, on top of 23,000 cuts already made during 2008 in a huge job cull resulting from four quarters of consecutive losses and reports that it was unlikely to be in profit again before 2010. Many senior executives were fired^[35] but Wall Street responded by dropping its stock market value to $6 billion, down from $300 billion two years prior.^[36] As a result, Citigroup and Federal regulators negotiated a plan to stabilize the company and forestall a further deterioration in the company's value. The arrangement calls for the government to back about $306 billion in loans and securities and directly invest about $20 billion in the company. The assets remain on Citigroup's balance sheet; the technical term for this arrangement is ring fencing. In a New York Times op-ed, Michael Lewis And David Einhorn described the $306 billion guarantee as "an undisguised gift" without any real crisis motivating it.^[37] The plan was approved late in the evening on November 23, 2008.^[4] A joint statement by the Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp announced: "With these transactions, the U.S. government is taking the actions necessary to strengthen the financial system and protect U.S. taxpayers and the U.S. economy."

Citigroup in late 2008 holds $20 billion of mortgage-linked securities, most of which have been marked down to between 21 cents and 41 cents on the dollar, and has billions of dollars of buyout and corporate loans. It faces potential massive losses on auto, mortgage and credit card loans if the economy worsens. [This paragraph requires a reference, particularly to the $20 billion figure quoted above. It is likely that this number is a severe underestimate of the value of CDO holdings held in off-balance sheet SIVs.]

On January 16, 2009, Citigroup announced its intention to reorganize itself into two operating units: Citicorp for its retail and investment banking business, and Citi Holdings for its brokerage and asset management.^[38] Citigroup will continue to operate as a single company for the time being, but Citi Holdings managers will be tasked to "tak[e] advantage of value-enhancing disposition and combination opportunities as they emerge",^[38] and eventual spin-offs or mergers involving either operating unit have not been ruled out.^[39] On February 27, 2009 Citigroup announced that the United States government would be taking a 36% equity stake in the company by converting $25 billion in emergency aid into common shares. Citigroup shares dropped 40% on the news.

On June 1, 2009, it was announced that Citigroup Inc. would be removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average effective June 8, 2009 due to significant government ownership. Citigroup Inc. was replaced by Citigroup's sister firm, insurance company Travelers Co.^[40]

Divisions

Citigroup is divided into four major business groups: Consumer Banking, Global Wealth Management, Global Cards, and Institutional Clients Group.^[41]

Global Consumer Group

This division of Citigroup generated $30.6 billion in revenue and more than $4 billion in net income in 2006 , Global Consumer Group comprises four sub-divisions: Cards (credit cards), Consumer Lending Group (Real-Estate Lending, Auto Loans, Student Loans), Consumer Finance, and Retail Banking. Targeting individual consumers as well as small- to medium-sized businesses, GCG offers financial services across its worldwide branch network, including banking, loans, insurance, and investment services. On March 31, 2008, Citigroup announced that it will create 2 new global businesses – Consumer Banking and Global Cards out of the existing Global Consumer Group. This has since changed. Consumer Banking "The Americas" is managed by Manuel Medina Mora who was the CEO of Banamex prior to its merger with Citigroup. Western Europe, Central Europe and Asia are under Business Managers responsible for both the Consumer and Corporate/Investment businesses. After 2008, Citigroup carved out CitiHoldings as a separate entity to manage the businesses on the block. Citigroup Nominates 4 Independent Directors by New York Times (March 16, 2009)

Citi Cards

Citi Cards is responsible for around 40% of the profits with GCG, and represents the largest issuer of credit cards across the world as well as a 3,800-point ATM network across 45 countries.

Consumer Finance division (branded as "CitiFinancial") accounts for about 20% of GCG's profits, and offers personal loans and homeowner loans to consumers in 20 countries worldwide.[26] There are over 2,100 branches in the U.S. and Canada.[27] The takeover of Associates First Capital in September 2000 enabled CitiFinancial to expand its reach outside of the United States, particularly capitalizing on Associates' 700,000 customers in Japan and Europe.[28] Citi ended its CitiFinancial operations in the UK in 2008 [3].[29] Citifinancial is head by Mary Mcdowell in Baltimore, Maryland.

Citibank

Finally, the retail bank encompasses the Citi's global branch network, branded Citibank. Citibank is the third largest retail bank in the United States based on deposits (although it has considerably fewer retail branches than many of its smaller rivals), and it has Citibank branded branches in countries throughout the world, with the exception of Mexico; In Mexico Citigroup's bank operations are branded as Banamex is the country's second largest bank and a Citigroup subsidiary.

Global Wealth Management

Global Wealth Management divides itself into Citi Private Bank, Citi Smith Barney and Citi Investment Research, and generated 7% of Citigroup's total revenue in 2006.^[42] As revenues are predominantly derived from investment income, Global Wealth Management is more sensitive to the direction and level of the equity and fixed-income markets than other divisions of the company.^[43]

Citi Private Bank

Citi Private Bank provides banking and investment services to high net worth individuals, private institutions, and law firms. Acting as a gateway to all of Citigroup's products, Citi Private Bank offer traditional investment products and alternative choices, with all clients assigned a Private Banker to personally deal with their portfolio.Citi Private Bank partners with Polaris Software Lab Ltd for banking and financial soultions.^[44]

Citi Smith Barney

Citi Smith Barney was Citi's global private wealth management unit, providing brokerage, investment banking and asset management services to corporations, governments and individuals around the world. With over 800 offices worldwide, Smith Barney held 9.6 million domestic client accounts, representing $1.562 trillion in client assets worldwide.^[45]

Citi announced on January 13, 2009 that they would give Smith Barney to Morgan Stanley investment bank to combine their brokerage firms in exchange for $2.7 billion and 49% interest in the joint venture. Citi's urgent need for cash is reputed to be a driving force in this deal. Many have speculated that this may be the beginning of the end of Citi's "financial supermarket" approach.

Citi Investment Research

Citi Investment Research is Citi's equities research unit, with 390 research analysts across 22 countries. Citi Investment Research covers 3,100 companies, representing 90 percent of the market capitalization of the major global indices, providing macro and quantitative analysis of global markets and sector trends.^[45]

Citi Institutional Clients Group

Citi announced on October 11, 2007 the formation of the new Institutional Clients Group comprising Citi Markets & Banking (CMB) and Citi Alternative Investments (CAI) with Vikram Pandit, then 50, as its Chairman and CEO.^[46] Vikram Pandit was promoted to CEO of the entire company two months later.^[47]

Citi Markets and Banking

Containing Citi's most market-sensitive divisions, "CMB" is divided into two primary businesses: "Global Capital Markets and Banking" and "Global Transaction Services" (GTS). Global Capital Markets and Banking provides investment- and commercial-banking services covering institutional brokerage, advisory services, foreign exchange, structured products, derivatives, loans, leasing, and equipment finance. Meanwhile, GTS offers cash-management, trade finance and securities services to corporations and financial institutions worldwide.^[43] CMB is responsible for around 32% of Citigroup's annual revenues, generating just under US $30 billion in 2006 financial year.^[42]

City is reportedly advising ABRY Partners upon the possible sale of Monitronics in 2010.^[48]

Citi Alternative Investments

Citi Alternative Investments (CAI) is an alternative investment platform that manages assets across five classes – private equity, hedge funds, structured products, managed futures, and real estate. Across 16 "boutique investment centers", it offers various funds or separate accounts that utilize alternative investment strategies, as opposed to the mainstream mutual funds that it recently sold to Legg Mason. CAI manages Citigroup proprietary capital as well as institutional investments from third-parties and high-net-worth investors. As of June 30, 2007, CAI holds US$59.2 billion under capital management,^[49] and contributed 7% of Citigroup's 2006 income.^[42] In 2010, Citigroup agreed to sell its private equity unit to Lexington Partners for about $900 million, according to PE Hub, reported by Reuters. StepStone Group will provide management services for the unit. The sale would mark another step in Citigroup’s efforts to unload its unwanted assets.^[50]

Brands

• Citibank, providing consumer banking products.
• Banamex, second largest Mexican bank
• Banco Cuscatlan, El Salvador biggest bank.
• Banco Uno, Central America largest credit card bank.
• Bank Handlowy w Warszawie the oldest operating commercial bank in Poland.
• Citimortgage, mortgage lender
• CitiInsurance, insurance provider
• Citicapital, Institutional financial services
• Citifinancial, Consumer finance aka subprime lending
• Citi Alternative Investments
• Smith Barney, investment services, both retail full service brokerage, private client services
• CitiCard, Credit Cards
• Credicard Citi, credit card business in Brazil

Citigroup recently acquired the Egg brand when it purchased Egg Banking plc, the world's largest Internet bank, from Prudential. Its first major act was to cease lending to around 7% of card holders who were considered to be undesirable. This also included some who regularly paid off balances in full, claiming this was due to "deteriorating credit profiles" but is widely believed to be due to the low profit margins obtained from responsible borrowers.^[51]

Real estate

Citigroup's most famous office building is the Citigroup Center, a diagonal-roof skyscraper located in East Midtown, Manhattan, New York City, which despite popular belief is not the company's headquarters building. Citigroup has its headquarters across the street in an anonymous-looking building at 399 Park Avenue (the site of the original location of the City National Bank). The headquarters is outfitted with nine luxury dining rooms, with a team of private chefs preparing a different menu for each day. The management team is on the third and fourth floors above a Citibank branch. Citigroup also leases a building in the TriBeCa neighborhood in Manhattan at 388 Greenwich St, that serves as headquarters for its Investment and Corporate Banking operations and was the former headquarters of the Travelers Group.

Strategically, all of Citigroup's New York City real estate, excluding the company's Smith Barney division and Wall Street trading division, lies along the New York City Subway's IND Queens Boulevard Line, served by the E M trains. Consequently, the company's Midtown buildings—including 787 Seventh Avenue, 666 Fifth Avenue, 399 Park Avenue, 485 Lexington, 153 East 53rd Street (Citigroup Center), and Citicorp Building in Long Island City, Queens, are all no more than two stops away from each other. In fact, every company building lies above or right across the street from a subway station served by the E M trains.

Chicago also plays home to an architectural beauty operated by Citigroup. Citicorp Center has a series of curved archways at its peak, and sits across the street from major competitor ABN AMRO's ABN AMRO Plaza. It has a host of retail and dining facilities serving thousands of Metra customers daily via the Ogilvie Transportation Center.

Citigroup has obtained naming rights to Citi Field, the home ballpark of the New York Mets Major League Baseball team, who began playing their home games there in 2009.

Criticism

Raul Salinas and alleged money laundering

In 1998, the General Accounting Office issued a report critical of Citibank's handling of funds received from Raul Salinas de Gortari, the brother of Carlos Salinas, the former president of Mexico. The report, titled "Raul Salinas, Citibank and Alleged Money Laundering," indicated that Citibank facilitated the transfer of millions of dollars through complex financial transactions to hide the paper trail of funds. The report also indicated that Citibank took on Raul Salinas as a client even though they did not make a thorough inquiry as to how he made his fortune.^[52]

Conflicts of interest on investment research

In December 2002, Citigroup paid fines totaling $400 million, with the amount split between the states and the federal government. The fines were part of a settlement involving charges that ten banks, including Citigroup, deceived investors with biased research. The total settlement with the ten banks was $1.4 billion. The settlement required that the banks separate investment banking from research, and ban any allocation of IPO shares.^[53]

Enron, WorldCom and Global Crossing bankrupcies

Citigroup paid out over $3 billion in fines and legal settlements for their role in financing Enron Corporation, which collapsed amid a financial scandal in 2001. In 2003, Citigroup paid $145 million in fines and penalties to settle claims by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Manhattan district attorney’s office. In 2005, Citigroup paid $2 billion to settle a lawsuit filed by investors in Enron.^[54]In 2008, Citigroup paid $1.66 billion to the Enron Bankruptcy Estate, which represented creditors of the bankrupt company.^[55]In 2004, Citigroup paid $2.65 billion to settle a lawsuit concerning their role in selling stocks and bonds for WorldCom, which collapsed in 2002 in an accounting scandal.^[56]In 2005, Citigroup paid $75 million to settle a lawsuit from investors in Global Crossing, which filed bankruptcy in 2002. Citigroup was accused of issuing exaggerated research reports and not disclosing conflicts of interest.^[57]

Citigroup proprietary government bond trading scandal

Citigroup was criticized for disrupting the European bond market by rapidly selling €11 billion worth of bonds on August 2, 2004 on the MTS Group trading platform, driving down the price, and then buying it back at cheaper prices.^[58]

Regulatory action

In 2004, Japanese regulators took action against Citibank Japan in connection with making loans to a customer involved in stock manipulation. This action included suspension of bank activities in one branch and three offices, and restrictions on their consumer banking division. In 2009, the Japanese regulators again took action against Citibank Japan, this time in regard to the bank not setting up an effective money laundering monitoring system. The regulatory agency suspended sales operations within its retail banking operations for a month.^[59]

On March 23, 2005, the NASD announced total fines of $21.25 million against Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., American Express Financial Advisors and Chase Investment Services regarding suitability and supervisory violations relating to mutual fund sales practices between January 2002 and July 2003. The case against Citigroup involved recommendations and sales of Class B and Class C shares of mutual funds.^[60]

On June 6, 2007, the NASD announced more than $15 million in fines and restitution against Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., to settle charges related to misleading documents and inadequate disclosure in retirement seminars and meetings for BellSouth Corp. employees in North Carolina and South Carolina. NASD found that Citigroup did not properly supervise a team of brokers located in Charlotte, N.C., who used misleading sales materials during dozens of seminars and meetings for hundreds of BellSouth employees.^[61]

Terra Securities scandal

In November 2007 it became public that the Citigroup is heavily involved in the Terra Securities scandal, which involved investments by eight municipalities of Norway in various hedge funds in the United States bond market.^[62] The funds were sold by Terra Securities ASA to the municipalities, while the products were delivered by Citigroup. Terra Securities ASA filed for bankruptcy November 28, 2007, the day after they received a letter^[63] from The Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway announcing withdrawal of permissions to operate. The same letter also stated, "The Supervisory Authority contends that Citigroup's presentation, as well as the presentation from Terra Securities ASA, appears insufficient and misleading because central elements like information about potential extra payments and the size of these are omitted."

Theft from customer accounts

On August 26, 2008 it was announced that Citigroup agreed to pay nearly $18 million in refunds and fines to settle accusations by California Attorney General Jerry Brown that it wrongly took funds from the accounts of credit card customers. Citigroup would pay $14 million of restitution to roughly 53,000 customers nationwide. A three-year investigation found that Citigroup from 1992 to 2003 used an improper computerized "sweep" feature to move positive balances from card accounts into the bank's general fund, without telling cardholders.^[64]

Brown said in a statement that Citigroup "knowingly stole from its customers, mostly poor people and the recently deceased, when it designed and implemented the sweeps...When a whistleblower uncovered the scam and brought it to his superiors, they buried the information and continued the illegal practice."^[64]

Federal bailout 2008

On November 24, 2008, the U.S. government announced a massive bailout of Citigroup, designed to rescue the company from bankruptcy while giving the government a major say in its operations. The Treasury will provide another $20 billion in Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds in addition to $25 billion given in October. The Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) will cover 90% of the losses on its $335 billion portfolio after Citigroup absorbs the first $29 billion in losses.^[65] In return the bank will give Washington $27 billion of preferred shares and warrants to acquire stock. The government will obtain wide powers over banking operations. Citigroup has agreed to try to modify mortgages, using standards set up by the FDIC after the collapse of IndyMac Bank, with the goal of keeping as many homeowners as possible in their houses. Executive salaries will be capped.^[66]

As a condition of the bailout, Citigroup's dividend payment has been reduced to 1 cent per share.

As the subprime mortgage crisis began to unfold, heavy exposure to toxic mortgages in the forms of Collateralized debt obligation (CDOs), compounded by poor risk management led the company into serious trouble. In early 2007 Citigroup began eliminating about 5 percent of its workforce, in a broad restructuring designed to cut costs and bolster its long underperforming stock.^[32] By November 2008, the ongoing crisis hit Citigroup hard and despite federal TARP bailout money, the company announced further cuts.^[35] Its stock market value dropped to $6 billion, down from $244 billion two years prior.^[36] As a result, Citigroup and Federal regulators negotiated a plan to stabilize the company.^[4] Its single largest shareholder is Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia, who has a 4.9% stake.^[67] Vikram Pandit is Citigroup's current CEO, while Richard Parsons is the current chairman.^[47]

According to New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo and as reported by the Wall Street Journal, after having received its $45 billion TARP bailout in late 2008, Citigroup paid hundreds of millions of dollars in bonuses to more than 1,038 of its employees. This included 738 employees each receiving $1 million in bonuses, 176 employees each receiving $2 million bonuses, 124 each receiving $3 million in bonuses, and 143 each receiving bonuses of $4 million to more than $10 million.^[68]

Terra Firma Investments lawsuit

In Dec. 2009, Citigroup was sued by British equity firm Terra Firma Investments for fraud regarding Terra Firma Investment's purchase of music corporation EMI's label and music publishing interests.^[69]

Public and government relations

Political donations

Citigroup is the 16th largest political campaign contributor in the United States, out of all organizations, according to the Center for Responsive Politics. According to Matthew Vadum, a senior editor at the conservative Capital Research Center, Citigroup is also a heavy contributor to left-of-center political causes.^[70] However, members of the firm have donated over $23,033,490 from 1989–2006, 49% of which went to Democrats and 51% of which went to Republicans.^[71]

Lobbying and political advice

In 2009, Richard Parsons hired long-time Washington, D.C. lobbyist Richard F. Hohlt to advise Parsons and the company about relations with the U. S. government, though not to lobby for the company. While some speculated anonymously that the FDIC would have been a particular focus of Mr. Hohlt's attention, Hohlt said he'd had no contact with the government insurance corporation. Some former regulators found room to criticize, in the news report, Mr. Hohlt's involvement with Citigroup, because of his earlier involvement with the financial-services industry during the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. Mr. Hohlt responded that though mistakes were made in the earlier episode, not to mention by other more recent clients of his like Fannie Mae and Washington Mutual, he'd never been investigated by any government agency and his experience gave him reason to be back in the "operating room" as parties address the more recent crisis.^[72]

Public and governmental relations

In 2010, the company named Edward Skyler, formerly in New York City government and at Bloomberg LP, to its senior public and governmental relations position.^[73] Before Skyler was named and before he began his job search, the company reportedly held discussions with three other individuals to fill the position: NY Deputy Mayor Kevin Sheekey, Mayor Michael Bloomberg's "political guru ... [who] spearheaded ... his short-lived flirtation with a presidential run ..., who will soon leave City Hall for a position at the mayor’s company, Bloomberg L.P. .... After Mr. Bloomberg’s improbable victory in the 2001 mayor’s race, both Mr. Skyler and Mr. Sheekey followed him from his company to City Hall. Since then, they have been a part of an enormously influential coterie of advisers"; Howard Wolfson, the former communications director for Hillary Rodham Clinton’s presidential campaign and Mr. Bloomberg’s re-election bid; and Gary Ginsberg, now at Time Warner and formerly at News Corporation.^[74]

Notes

References

External links

• Company website

Citigroup Brands/companies Banamex · Citibank · Citigold · Citi Private Bank · Egg · Metalmark Capital · Morgan Stanley Smith Barney (Quilter) (49%) · Red Roof Inn Key people Vikram Pandit · Richard Parsons · William R. Rhodes · Lewis B. Kaden  · Al-Waleed bin Talal Notable former executives Sir Winfried Bischoff · Michael Bloomberg · Gary Crittenden · Jamie Dimon · Ahmed Fahour · Stanley Fischer · Lewis Glucksman · Thomas W. Jones · Sallie Krawcheck · Victor Menezes · George S. Moore · Samuel Osgood · Joe J. Plumeri · Chuck Prince · John Reed · Robert Rubin · James Stillman Rockefeller · William Rockefeller · Moses Taylor · Sandy Weill · Robert B. Willumstad · Walter Wriston Corporate Directors Michael Armstrong · Alain Belda · George David · Kenneth T. Derr · John M. Deutch · Roberto Hernández Ramírez · Ann Jordan · Klaus Kleinfeld · Andrew N. Liveris · Anne Mulcahy · Richard Parsons · Chuck Prince · Judith Rodin · Robert Rubin · Franklin A. Thomas · Sandy Weill Local entities Argentina · Australia · Canada · China · Hong Kong · India · Indonesia · Japan · Malaysia · Mexico · Singapore · Thailand Annual revenue: $146.7 billion USD · Employees: 332,000 · Stock Symbol: NYSE: C  · Website: www.citigroup.com · Headquarters: 399 Park Avenue, New York City, New York 10043, United States

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Inclusion on this list is based on U.S. assets only. Financial crisis of 2007–2010 Late 2000s recession · 2008 G-20 Washington summit · APEC Peru 2008 · 2009 G-20 London Summit · 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit · APEC Singapore 2009 · 2010 G-20 Toronto summit · 2010 G-20 Seoul summit Specific issues United States housing market correction · World food price crisis · Energy crisis (Central Asia) · Subprime mortgage crisis (timeline, List of writedowns) · Automotive industry crisis · 2008–10 California budget crisis · Future of newspapers · List of entities involved (Bankrupt or acquired banks, Bankrupt retailers) · Effects upon museums · Banking revelations in Ireland · Resurgence of Keynesianism · January 2008 Société Générale trading loss incident · European sovereign debt crisis By country (or region) Belgium · Greece · Iceland · Ireland · Latvia · Russia · Spain · Ukraine · (Europe · Africa · Americas · Asia · Australasia)   Legislation and policy responses Banking and finance stability and reform Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 · Commercial Paper Funding Facility · Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 · Troubled Asset Relief Program · Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility · Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program · 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package · 2008 East Asian meetings · Obama financial regulatory reform plan of 2009 · Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009 · 2009 G-20 London Summit · Irish emergency budget, 2009 · National Asset Management Agency · Irish budget, 2010 · Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act · Bank stress tests: EU, US Stimulus and recovery National fiscal policy response to the late 2000s recession · Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 · Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 · 2008 Chinese economic stimulus plan · 2008 European Union stimulus plan · American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 · Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 · Green New Deal   Companies and banking institutions Companies in bankruptcy, reorganization, administration, or other insolvency proceedings. New Century Financial Corporation · Woolworths · American Freedom Mortgage · American Home Mortgage · Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC · Charter Communications · Lehman Brothers (bankruptcy) · Linens 'n Things · Mervyns · NetBank · Petters Group Worldwide · Terra Securities (scandal) · Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler · Sentinel Management Group · Stanford Financial Group · Washington Mutual · Icesave · Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander · Yamato Life · Circuit City · Allco Finance Group · Waterford Wedgwood · Saab Automobile · BearingPoint · Tweeter · Babcock & Brown · Silicon Graphics · Conquest Vacations · General Growth Properties · Chrysler (reorganization) · Thornburg Mortgage · Great Southern Group · General Motors (reorganization) · Eddie Bauer · Nortel · BI-LO (United States) · Arena Football League · DSB Bank · CIT Group · Movie Gallery · Air America Radio · Citadel Broadcasting · Midway Games · Tribune Company · Sun-Times Media Group · FairPoint Communications · R. H. Donnelley Government interventions, rescues, and acquisitions Northern Rock (nationalisation) · Bear Stearns · IndyMac Federal Bank · Fannie Mae (takeover) · Freddie Mac (takeover) · AIG · Bradford & Bingley · Fortis · Glitnir · Hypo Real Estate · Dexia · CL Financial · Landsbanki · Kaupthing · Straumur · ING Group · Citigroup · General Motors · Chrysler · Royal Bank of Scotland Group · Bank of America · Anglo Irish Bank (nationalisation) · Parex Bank · Bank of Antigua · ACC Capital Holdings (reorganization) · U.S. Central Credit Union · Bank of Ireland · HBOS · Allied Irish Banks Company acquisitions Ameriquest Mortgage · Countrywide Financial · Bear Stearns · Alliance & Leicester · Merrill Lynch · Washington Mutual · Derbyshire Building Society · Cheshire Building Society · HBOS · Wachovia · Sovereign Bank · Barnsley Building Society · Scarborough Building Society · National City Corp. (details) · Dunfermline Building Society   Other topics Alleged frauds and fraudsters Stanford Financial Group (Allen Stanford) (Laura Pendergest-Holt) · Fairfield Greenwich Group · UBS · Sean FitzPatrick (Anglo Irish Bank) · Kazutsugi Nami (Enten controversy) · Nicholas Cosmo · Arthur Nadel · Paul Greenwood · Stephen Walsh · Angelo Mozilo · Barry Tannenbaum · Raj Rajaratnam (Galleon Group) Proven or admitted frauds and fraudsters Bernard Madoff (Ponzi scheme) (Frank DiPascali) (David G. Friehling) · Satyam Computer Services (accounting scandal) (Ramalinga Raju) · Marc Stuart Dreier · Norman Hsu · Joseph S. Forte · Du Jun · Scott W. Rothstein · Tom Petters Related entities Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation · Federal Reserve System · Federal Housing Administration · Federal Housing Finance Agency · Federal Housing Finance Board · Government National Mortgage Association · Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight · Office of Financial Stability · UK Financial Investments Limited · Federal Home Loan Banks Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities · Collateralized debt obligations · Collateralized mortgage obligations · Credit default swaps · Mortgage-backed securities · Secondary mortgage market Related topics Bailout · Bank run · 2009 California college tuition hike protests · Credit crunch · Dot-com bubble · Economic bubble · Financial contagion · Financial crisis · Great Depression · 2008 Greek riots · May 2010 Greek protests · 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests · Interbank lending market · Jon Stewart's 2009 criticism of CNBC · Liquidity crisis · Capitalism: A Love Story · 2009 May Day protests · 2010 French pension reform strikes · PIIGS · Tea Party protests